Moderate coffee drinking is safe, and three to four cups a day may have some health benefits, according to a large review of previous studies, in the BMJ.

　　英国医学期刊在一次总结以往研究的大型报告中称，人们适量饮用咖啡是安全的，一天摄入三杯咖啡有益身体健康。

　　It found a lower risk of liver disease and some cancers, and a lower risk of dying from stroke - but researchers could not prove coffee was the cause.

　　研究发现，人们一天摄入三杯咖啡能降低患肝病和癌症的风险，同样还能降低因中风而身亡的风险。但是研究员还不能确定咖啡是不是其主要原因。

　　Too much coffee during pregnancy could be harmful, the review confirmed.

　　研究报告再次证实，孕妇喝太多咖啡会对身体有害。

　　Experts said people should not start drinking coffee for health reasons or to prevent disease.

　　专家称人们不要为了身体健康或者预防疾病而开始尝试喝咖啡。

　　The University of Southampton researchers collected data on the impact of coffee on all aspects of the human body, taking into account more than 200 studies - most of which were observational.

　　南安普顿大学的研究员采用了超过200份研究，其中大多数运用了观察研究法，收集了咖啡对人体各个方面影响的数据。

　　Was it the coffee?

　　所以是咖啡的原因吗?

　　Compared with non-coffee drinkers, those who drank about three cups of coffee a day appeared to reduce their risk of getting heart problems or dying from them.

　　与没有摄入咖啡的实验对象相比，一天喝三杯咖啡的人患心脏疾病或因此丧命的风险更低。

　　The strongest benefits of coffee consumption were seen in reduced risks of liver disease, including cancer.

　　据观察，喝咖啡最大的益处就是能够减低患肝病，包括癌症的风险。

　　But Prof Paul Roderick, co-author of the study, from the faculty of medicine at University of Southampton, said the review could not say if coffee intake had made the difference.

　　但是这项研究的合作者，来自南安普顿大学医学院的保罗·罗德里克教授称研究报告并不能确定是摄入的咖啡带来的这些差别。

　　"Factors such as age, whether people smoked or not and how much exercise they took could all have had an effect," he said.

　　他称其他因素，如年纪，实验对象是否抽烟，他们的运动量都可能造成影响。

　　The findings back up other recent reviews and studies of coffee drinking so, overall, his message on coffee was reassuring.

　　这个发现支持最近其他的报告和关于咖啡的研究，总的来说，他对于咖啡的看法还是可靠的。

　　"There is a balance of risks in life, and the benefits of moderate consumption of coffee seem to outweigh the risks," he said.

　　他说：人生中风险是均衡的，而适量饮用咖啡利大于弊。

　　The NHS recommends pregnant women have no more than 200mg of caffeine a day - two mugs of instant coffee - because too much can increase the risk of miscarriage.

　　英国国家医疗服务建议孕妇一天摄入不超过200毫克的咖啡因，即两杯速溶咖啡，因为过量会增加流产的风险。

　　This review suggests women at risk of fractures should also cut back on coffee.

　　报告还建议容易骨折的女性也应该减少咖啡摄入量。

　　For other adults, moderate caffeine intake equates to 400mg or less per day - or three to four cups - but coffee isn’t the only drink (or food) to bear in mind.

　　对于其他成年人来说，适度的咖啡摄入量应控制在一天400毫克以内，即三到四杯咖啡，但是除了咖啡，还有其他饮品和食物同样含有咖啡因。

　　How much caffeine in my drink?

　　我的饮品中含多少咖啡因?

　　one mug of instant coffee: 100mg

　　一杯速溶咖啡：100毫克

　　one mug of filter coffee: 140mg

　　一杯过滤咖啡：140毫克

　　one mug of tea: 75mg

　　一杯茶：75毫克

　　one can of cola: 40mg

　　一罐可乐：40毫克

　　one 250ml can of energy drink: up to 80mg

　　一罐250毫升的功能饮料：80毫克

　　bar of plain chocolate: less than 25mg

　　一条纯巧克力：低于25毫克

　　bar of milk chocolate: less than 10mg

　　一条牛奶巧克力：低于10毫克

　　The researchers say coffee drinkers should stick to "healthy coffees" - which avoid extra sugar, milk or cream, or a fatty snack on the side.

　　研究员建议咖啡爱好者应该坚持健康饮用咖啡——不要另加糖、牛奶或奶霜，或者旁边配上热量高的零食。

　　And they are calling for rigorous clinical trials on coffee intake to find out more about the potential benefits to health.

　　他们呼吁对咖啡摄入进行更加严格的临床试验，了解更多潜在的益处。

　　At present, the researchers said pinning down exactly how coffee might have a positive impact on health was "difficult".

　　研究员称目前很难精准地确定咖啡会如何对人体健康带来积极影响。

　　Commenting on the BMJ review, Eliseo Guallar, from the John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, said there was still uncertainty about the effects of higher levels of coffee intake.

　　来自约翰霍普金斯大学布隆伯格公共卫生学院的伊莉莎·瓜里亚尔在评价英国医学期刊的报告时，称咖啡更高摄入量的影响尚未确定。

　　But he added: "Moderate coffee consumption seems remarkably safe, and it can be incorporated as part of a healthy diet by most of the adult population."

　　但是他补充道：适量饮用咖啡十分安全，大多数成年人都可以把它作为健康饮食的一部分。