高中常考又常错的“独立主格” 你搞清楚?
2019-11-27 14:33
来源:奇速英语
作者:
用法
用作时间状语
The meeting being over, all of them went home.
句中的独立主格结构the meeting being over相当于时间状语从句when the meeting was over。
用作条件状语
Help given in time, he may succeed.
句中的独立主格结构help given in time相当于条件状语从句If help is give in time。
用作原因状语
There being no subway, they had to take a taxi.
句中的独立主格结构there being no subway相当于原因状语从句Since there was nosubway。
用作伴随状语
She was lying on the bed, her hands crossed under her head
句中的独立主格结构her hands crossed under her head相当于主句的伴随分句and her hands were crossed under her head。
表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
句中的独立主格结构each man working like two相当于主句的补充分句and each man worked like two,说明我们是如何加倍努力的。
注意
从上面的五种情况我们可以看出:
1、独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,但是表示原因时,也可放在句末。
2、表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
注意事项
1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在,名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系,独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried,many things to settle.
经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle,表示将来的时间)
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.
许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束)
3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)
劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。
当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。
4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally speaking ,Frankly speaking,Judging from,Supposing (假设),等等。
Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be honest,to be sure,to tell you the truth,to cut a long story short,to be frank,to make matters / things worse (更糟糕的是),等等。
To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
5.独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致。
If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
转换为:Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
转换为:Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其他成分。
Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.
在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。(Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen)