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初中英语知识点总结:初中英语语法——常见介词用法错误

2018-07-30 14:01

来源:互联网

作者:

  [误] I’ll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.

  [正] I’ll leave Beijing for Shanghai.

  [正] I’ll leave for Shanghai.

  [析] leave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配,不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有:start for 动身前往某处,set out for, sail for.

  [误] I’m sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.

  [正] I’m sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.

  [析] get in, 与 get out是两个相反的词组。get in 为上车,而get out为下车,但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词,所以其后不能接名词,我们可以讲We’d better get in. 或We’d better get out. 还有一组词组有关上下车:get on/off(a train, a ship, a struck) get into/out of (a car, taxi…)

  [误] Be careful The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.

  [正] Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.

  [析] over 与 above 在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时,即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over.

  [误] There is an old stone bridge above the river.

  [正] There is an old stone bridge over the river.

  [析] over还有一意为“跨越,横跨”。

  [误] The Dead Sea is under the sea level.

  [正] The Dead Sea is below the sea level.

  [析]在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词,over与under也是反意词。

  [误] There is a big tree in the front of the house.

  [正] There is a big tree in front of the house.

  [析] in front of 是在物体外部的前面,而in the front of 是在物体内部的前面,如:The driver sits in the front of the bus.

  [误] It took them two days to walk across the forest.

  [正] It took them two days to walk through the forest.

  [析] across 作为介词有两个主要意思:① 横过,如:I want to walk across the street.② 对面,如:There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如:The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.

  [误] The sun sets toward the west.

  [正] The sun sets in the west.

  [析] towards也可用作toward,它主要表达朝向某方向运动,但不一定到达,如:He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east, west, north, south 时,其前面要用in.要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词,如:I went south. 也可用作名词,如:I went to the south.也可用作形容词,如:I went to the south part of China.

  [误] Do you have no other clothes except those?

  [正] Do you have no other clothes besides those?

  [析] beside 是“在……旁边”,如:The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是“除……之外,不仅……而且……,除了……以外还有……”,如:I studied English besides French, when I was in college. 而except 则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分,如:I come here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同种类的事物,如:The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that则要加从句。

  [误] Can I write the exam paper with ink?

  [正] Can I write the exam paper with a pen?

  [正] Can I write the exam paper in ink?

  [析] with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具,而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in.

  [误] I’m earlier today. I came here by his car.

  [正] I’m earlier today. I came here in his car.

  [析]在交通工具前加介词by,但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词,否则要改换相应的介词。by taxi=in a taxi

  by train=in a train

  by bicycle=on a bicycle

  by ship=on a ship

  by boat=in a boat

  by bus=on a bus

  by plane=on a plane

  by air 空运

  by land 陆运

  by sea 海运

  on foot on horseback

  by phone by letter by radio

  by air mail by hand

  [误] A lot of French wines are made of grape.

  [正] A lot of French wines are made from grape.

  [析] made of 是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化,而发生了某种变化则要用from,如:The desk was made of hard wood.

  [误] This is a good dictionary in English grammar.

  [正] This is a good dictionary on English grammar.

  [析]关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词,其中on表示某专业用书,about则为某方面的普通读物,如:This is a book about physics.即物理科普知识。

  [误] Do you have the key of the door.

  [正] Do you have the key to the door.

  [析] key to the door门的钥匙。相同用法还有answer to the question, entrance to the highway, danger to health.千万不要用of.

  [误] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps.

  [正] Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.

  [析] have interest in是在某方面有兴趣。

  [误] I didn’t do my homework, so the teacher was angry to me.

  [正] I didn’t do my homework, so the teacher was angry with me.

  [析] be angry with其后接人,而be angry at其后接事。如:He was angry at what she said.

  [误] He was good for skating.

  [正] He was good at skating.

  [析] be good at 为“擅长某事”,而be good for somebody为对某人很好。

  [误] It was good to you to help my little boy.

  [正] It was good of you to help my little boy.

  [析] 这句话应译为:你真太好了,帮助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody 是对某人态度好。如:Her mother is good to everyone.

  [误] My parents were very pleased at me.

  [正] My parents were very pleased with me.

  [正] My parents were very pleased at my studying.

  [析] be pleased with后加somebody, 而be pleased at后加something.

  [误] He is agree with me.

  [正] He agrees with me.

  [误] He againsts me.

  [正] He is against me.

  [析]同意agree为动词,而反对against则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。

  [误] I haven’t heard letters from him.

  [正] I haven’t heard from him.

  [析] hear from 即为:从某人处得到信件。不要再加letter了。

  [误] Teacher. May I call at you this weekend?

  [正] Teacher. May I call on you this weekend?

  [析] 作为“拜访”讲call at其后接地点,如:May I call at your home this weekend?而call on其后接人。

  [误] Do you know the girl on white?

  [正] Do you know the girl in white?

  [析] in white为穿一身白。与in有关的词组有:in bed(睡觉),in hospital(住院),in a hurry(匆匆忙忙),in danger(危险中),in joy (高兴),in good health(身体好),in love(恋爱),in trouble(困境),与之相反的是out of ,如:out of trouble (摆脱困境),out of date(过时了), out of order(出故障)

  [误] He looked at me at surprise.

  [正] He looked at me in surprise.

  [析] surprise的用法一般有三种。①用于句首,To one’s surprise, 如:To my surprise he succeeded. ② be surprised at, 如:I was surprised at the news. ③用于句尾in surprise.

  [误] She didn’t come to school because of she was ill.

  [正] She didn’t come to school because she was ill.

  [析] because of 后接名词,如:The game was put off because of the rain.

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