4.定语从句与同位语从句

　　同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号;而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来。

　　同位语从句中的引导词that不做成分，而定语从句中的引导词that做成分。

　　定语从句中，关系代词做宾语可以省略;同位语从句的引导词不可以省略。

　　We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。

　　We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。

　　形容词性从句

　　定语从句:在复合句中， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。

　　关系词包括关系代词who(宾格whom,所有格whose),that, which 和关系副词where, when, why 等。

　　The boy who is wearing a black coat bought a dictionary yesterday.

　　The noodles that(which) my mother cooked were delicious.

　　The school where I learned judo was very large.

　　I remember the day when our band was formed.

　　I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning.

　　1.定语从句的种类

　　定语从句可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。

　　(1)限定性定语从句：它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。

　　Do you know the girl who just came in?

　　Shanghai is a city(that)I’ve always wanted to visit.

　　Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane.

　　The time when I first met Mr. White was a very difficult period of my life.

　　(2)非限定性定语从句：它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that 引导，而且不可以省略关系词。

　　The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.

　　Lori is going to marry Mark, whom she does not love.

　　Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.

　　2.关系代词的用法

　　在定语从句中， 关系代词起着连接主句与从句，指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。

　　❶关系代词who, whom 的用法

　　1) who 可以代替人(即它的先行词必须是人)，在从句中担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom,但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”.

　　如：Jonny is a person who always has novel ideas.

　　The girl who the first prize in the contest is from Zhejiang.

　　The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr. Depp.

　　---The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Depp. (介词to提到定语从句前，只能用whom.)

　　We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients, most of whom are children.

　　(whom 前常用表示数量的词none/neither/both/each/all of…)

　　2)在定语从句中，who, that 指人时可以通用，但在下列情况下用who,而不用that.

　　A) 先行词是one, ones, anyone 时，宜用who.

　　One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.

　　The ones who flatter me don’t please me.

　　Anyone who laughs last laughs best.

　　Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.

　　B) 先行词为those 时，宜用who.

　　Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.

　　No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake.

　　C) 当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。

　　I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in Yunnan province.

　　D) 一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词时that， 另一个宜用who.

　　如：The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.

　　E) 在there be 开头 的句子中，事宜用who.

　　There is a young man who wants to see your father.

　　There are many old men who are against this plan.