基本风险（基本风险指非个人行为引起的风险。它对整个团体乃至整个社会产生影响，而且是个人无法预防的风险。例如：地震、洪水等引起的风险。）
fundamental a.Of or relating to the foundation or base;
elementary:基础的：基础或基本的或与此有关的；根本的
particular risk
特定风险（特定风险指个人行为引起的风险。它只与特定的个人或部门相关，不影响整个团体和社会。特定风险一般较易为人们所控制和防范。例如：火灾、爆炸、盗窃及对他人财产损害或人身伤害所负的法律责任等均属此类风险。）
ii. Pure and speculative risk
Speculative risk is present if either beneficial or adverse outcomes could stem from a specific event, whereas if possible harm is the only alternative to the present status quo the situation is one of pure risk.
pure risk 纯风险 A pure risk has no chance of gain: there is only
a chance of loss.
单纯的风险没有获利的机会，只有可能受损；
speculative risk 投机风险（与纯粹风险相对应的是投机风险（speculative
risk）。投机风险造成的结果有三种，即1、收益；2、没有损失；3、损失。例如，购买股票，通货膨胀时囤积商品。
将风险划分为纯粹损失和投机损失是以风险造成的结果为依据对风险的一种分类。
纯粹风险具有可保性，投机风险不具有可保性。保险公司承保纯粹风险，不承保投机风险。）
stem (from) vi. To have or take origin or
descent.起源于：由…发生，起源或源于
status quo n.现状
C. The relationship between risk and insurance Buying insurance is one method of controlling the financial aspects of the unknown future. If you buy an insurance policy, you exchange a situation of risk for one of financial certainty. financial certainty财务稳定性
certainty n. 【复数】 cer.tain.ties The fact, quality, or state of
being certain:确定性，确实性：成为确定的事实、性质或状态
While insurance controls risk mainly by transferring the responsibility for paying for losses from one person to another, it may also affect the risk directly, by influencing the chance of a loss occurring. This may happen in two opposing ways:
opposing 反作用的, 反向的, 相反的, 对立的
l Insurers may encourage policyholders to be more careful, by rewarding those whose losses are small. They may
also offer advice on how to prevent losses.
reward vt. To give a reward to or for.报答：给…或为…给予奖赏
l On the other hand, policyholders may either deliberately cause losses in order to obtain money from insurers, or be less careful because of the insurance protection. This behavior is termed moral hazard. moral hazard 由于投保人可能不可靠所冒的风险；道德风险
moral a. 道德(上)的, 精神的
hazard n. A chance of being injured or harmed;
danger:意外，危险：受伤或受损的可能性；危险
In practice, not all risks can be insured, and the
insurability of a given risk depends on a number of factors:
insurability n. 可保性
insurable a. 可保险的, 适合保险的
a given risk某一特定风险
l Losses are measurable in monetary terms.
in monetary terms用货币蘅量
in terms of : As measured or indicated by; in units of:用…衡量或表示
l Only pure risks are insurable.
The insurer must be able to collect together a sufficiently large group of separate and independent exposure units which are subject to broadly similar risks. This is so that the Law of Large Numbers can operate effectively.
exposure unit风险单位
Law of Large Numbers 大数法则（又称“大数定律”或“平均法则”。）
人们在长期的实践中发现，在随机现象的大量重复中往往出现几乎必然的规律，即大数法则。此法则的意义是：风险单位数量愈多，实际损失的结果会愈接近从无限单位数量得出的预期损失可能的结果。
据此，保险人就可以比较精确的预测危险，合理的厘定保险费率，使在保险期限内收取的保险费和损失赔偿及其它费用开支相平衡。大数法则是近代保险业赖以建立的数理基础。保险公司正是利用在个别情形下存在的不确定性将在大数中消失的这种规则性，来分析承保标的发生损失的相对稳定性。按照大数法则，保险公司承保的每类标的数目必须足够大，否则，缺少一定的数量基础，就不能产生所需要的数量规律。但是，任何一家保险公司都有它的局限性，即承保的具有同一风险性质的单位是有限的，这就需要通过再保险来扩大风险单位及风险分散面。
l Losses must be fortuitous.
fortuitous a. Happening by accident or chance.See Synonyms at
accidental 偶然发生的：因某种事件或机会而发生
Before we introduce the basic law of mathematics in insurance,
the law of large numbers, another definition needs to be
mentioned first, risk transference.
mathematic basis数理基础
risk transference风险转移
Risk transference, sometimes called "pooling", involves the
transfer of risk from the individual to a pool of the
insurance company’s policyholders.
pooling (principle) 共同分担（原则）
pool n. ①A mutual fund established by a group of stockholders
for speculating in or manipulating prices of
securities.集合基金：为了投机或操纵证券价格而由一群证券持有人建立起来的共同基金
②The persons or parties participating in such a
fund.集合基金成员：加入这样的基金组织的人或团体
The insurance company charges a fee, the premium (or part
thereof), for accepting the risk and "pools" the premiums from
a group of policyholders into a general fund to fund the death
benefits under contract.
charge a fee收费
charge vt. To set or ask (a given amount) as a
price:索价，要价：要（定量的钱）作为收费
fund n. A sum of money or other resources set aside for a
specific purpose:基金：为特定目的而拨出的钱款
例：a pension fund.
退休基金
vt. To furnish a fund for:资助：为…提供资金
例：funded the space program.
资助太空计划
